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Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Published on: February 29, 2012

Improving the performance of computer color matching procedures.

A Karbasi¹, S Moradian, S Asiaban

¹Faculty of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision

|September 2, 2008

Summary

This study explored combining spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods for color matching. Procedures using the fundamental color stimulus R(FCS) proved superior for predicting color and concentration accuracy.

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Area of Science:

Color Science
Spectrophotometry
Colorimetry

Background:

Traditional color matching relies on spectrophotometric or colorimetric methods.
Combining these methods may offer synergistic advantages.
The Kubelka-Munk theory is a foundational model in color science.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the performance of fifteen color matching procedures based on the Kubelka-Munk theory.
To investigate the efficacy of combining spectrophotometric and colorimetric approaches.
To assess procedures utilizing the fundamental color stimulus R(FCS) and the metameric black component R(MB).

Main Methods:

Development and testing of fifteen color matching procedures.
Application of the Kubelka-Munk theory.
Utilizing the fundamental color stimulus R(FCS) and metameric black component R(MB).
Evaluation using color differences (CIE DeltaE(00)) and concentration differences (DeltaC(AVE)).

Main Results:

Procedures based on the fundamental color stimulus R(FCS) demonstrated superior accuracy in predicting colors.
These R(FCS) based procedures also excelled in predicting concentrations.
The metameric black component R(MB) showed potential for predicting metamerism levels.

Conclusions:

The study supports the premise that combining spectrophotometric and colorimetric matching offers synergistic benefits.
Procedures incorporating R(FCS) are highly effective for accurate color and concentration prediction.
Further research into R(MB) is warranted for metamerism assessment.