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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
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Magnetic field interactions in adjustable hydrocephalus shunts.

Andrea Lavinio1, Sally Harding, Floor Van Der Boogaard

  • 1United Kingdom Shunt Evaluation Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
|September 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The Miethke ProGAV and Sophysa Polaris hydrocephalus shunt valves are safe for 3-T MR imaging and immune to magnetic field reprogramming. Other tested valves may change settings when exposed to magnetic fields above 40 mT.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Patients with hydrocephalus often require ventricular shunts for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) management.
  • Exposure to magnetic fields, particularly during Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging, poses risks of unintentional shunt reprogramming and imaging artifact generation.
  • Adjustable shunt valves are susceptible to alterations in their pressure settings when exposed to external magnetic fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the magnetic field safety and MR imaging compatibility of five adjustable hydrocephalus shunt models.
  • To determine the susceptibility of programmable shunt valves to unintentional reprogramming by magnetic fields.
  • To assess the degree of imaging artifacts generated by these shunts in a 3-Tesla (3T) MR environment.

Main Methods:

  • Five programmable hydrocephalus shunt models were tested: Codman Hakim (regular and with SiphonGuard), Miethke ProGAV, Medtronic Strata, Sophysa Sophy, and Sophysa Polaris.
  • Shunts were exposed to low-intensity magnetic fields to assess translational attraction (TA) and magnetic torque (MT).
  • Artifact volume was measured on T1-weighted spin echo (SE) and gradient echo (GE) pulse sequences using a 3T MR imager.

Main Results:

  • The Miethke ProGAV and Sophysa Polaris valves demonstrated immunity to reprogramming by magnetic fields up to 3T.
  • Other valves exhibited random setting changes at specific magnetic field intensities: Sophy (24 mT), Strata (30 mT), and Codman Hakim programmable valves (42 mT).
  • All tested valves produced MR image distortion, particularly on GE sequences, with varying degrees of TA, MT, and artifact volume.

Conclusions:

  • Except for the Polaris and ProGAV models, all tested shunts are susceptible to unintentional reprogramming by magnetic fields exceeding 40 mT.
  • All evaluated shunt models are considered safe for use in 3T MR imaging procedures.
  • Significant MR image distortion, especially with gradient echo sequences, is a common characteristic across all tested shunt valves.