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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Published on: July 14, 2023

Engineering endochondral bone: in vitro studies.

Serafim M Oliveira1, Isabel F Amaral, Mário A Barbosa

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, ESTV-Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.

Tissue Engineering. Part A
|September 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chitosan sponges effectively support cartilage cell growth and maturation, crucial for bone formation. Retinoic acid treatment induced hypertrophy, altering the scaffold's mechanical properties for potential tissue engineering applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Chitosan scaffolds offer promising biological and mechanical properties for tissue engineering.
  • Understanding their role in supporting cartilage cell development is key for endochondral bone formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate chitosan sponges for supporting chondrocyte proliferation and maturation.
  • To investigate the effects of retinoic acid on chondrocyte differentiation within chitosan scaffolds.
  • To assess the suitability of these constructs for endochondral ossification studies.

Main Methods:

  • Chitosan sponges were seeded with chicken embryo chondrocytes.
  • Constructs were cultured for 20 days with retinoic acid (RA) induction.
  • Analyses included microscopy, histology, biochemistry, and mechanical testing.

Main Results:

  • Chondrocytes successfully attached, proliferated, and synthesized abundant extracellular matrix, filling sponge pores.
  • Retinoic acid induced chondrocyte hypertrophy, marked by type X collagen and increased alkaline phosphatase.
  • Hypertrophy significantly altered the mechanical properties of the chondrocyte/chitosan constructs.

Conclusions:

  • Developed chitosan sponges possess suitable pore structure and mechanical integrity for hypertrophic chondrocytes.
  • These findings support the potential of chitosan scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering and endochondral ossification.
  • Further studies will explore the scaffold's ability to induce endochondral ossification.