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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Visualization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the Sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients
07:25

Visualization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the Sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Published on: July 16, 2020

Pediatric parapneumonic empyema, Spain.

Ignacio Obando1, Carmen Muñoz-Almagro, Luis A Arroyo

  • 1Virgen del Rocio Children's Hospital, Seville, Spain. iosantaella@telefonica.net

Emerging Infectious Diseases
|September 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric parapneumonic empyema (PPE) is rising, driven by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Molecular diagnostics reveal non-vaccine serotypes, particularly serotype 1, are key contributors to this increase.

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Visualization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the Sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients
07:25

Visualization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the Sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Published on: July 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Pediatric parapneumonic empyema (PPE) incidence is increasing globally.
  • Antimicrobial pretreatment often leads to negative cultures, masking pathogen contributions.
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant pathogen in PPE.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify causative serotypes and genotypes of PPE using molecular methods.
  • To correlate pneumococcal serotypes/genotypes with PPE incidence and severity.
  • To understand the impact of antimicrobial pretreatment on diagnostic yield.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective enrollment of 208 children with PPE.
  • Collection of blood and pleural fluid (PF) samples.
  • Molecular detection and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for pneumococcal identification and genotyping.
  • Serotyping of identified pneumococcal isolates.

Main Results:

  • Pneumococci were detected in 79% of culture-positive and 84% of culture-negative samples.
  • Serotype 1 was identified in 48% of cases, belonging to 3 major circulating genotypes.
  • Significant variations in patient complication rates were observed based on serotype.
  • The rise in PPE is linked to non-vaccine serotypes, notably serotype 1.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular diagnostics are crucial for accurate pathogen identification in pretreated PPE cases.
  • Serotype 1 is a major driver of the increasing pediatric parapneumonic empyema.
  • Serotype-specific differences in disease severity highlight the need for targeted interventions.