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Related Concept Videos

Increased Body Temperature01:25

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in response to an infection or illness.
Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
06:43

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Published on: November 21, 2017

Elevated temperature after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: risk factor for adverse outcomes.

Abbot Laptook1, Jon Tyson, Seetha Shankaran

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, 101 Dudley St, Providence, RI 02906, USA. alaptook@wihri.org

Pediatrics
|September 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

High temperatures in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with usual care increase the risk of death or disability. Therapeutic hypothermia may mitigate these risks.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a serious condition in term infants.
  • Therapeutic hypothermia is a standard treatment for HIE.
  • The impact of temperature variations during HIE management requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between elevated esophageal or skin temperature and adverse outcomes in term infants with HIE.
  • To determine if temperature thresholds correlate with increased risk of death or moderate/severe disability.
  • To analyze temperature data within 78 hours post-birth.

Main Methods:

  • Observational secondary analysis of a randomized trial comparing whole-body cooling and usual care for HIE.
  • Serial esophageal and skin temperature recordings for 72 hours.
  • Logistic regression analyses correlating temperature quartiles with outcomes, adjusted for confounders.

Main Results:

  • In the usual care group, higher esophageal and skin temperatures were significantly associated with increased odds of death or disability (3.6-4 fold increase per 1°C rise in highest quartile).
  • No significant association between temperature and outcomes was observed in the therapeutic hypothermia group.
  • Mean esophageal temperature was 37.2°C and mean skin temperature was 36.5°C in controls.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated temperatures in infants with HIE receiving usual care are linked to poorer outcomes.
  • These findings suggest that temperature management is critical in HIE.
  • Potential mechanisms include direct adverse effects of heat or reflection of underlying brain injury severity.