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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

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Preparation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Pellets and Plasma from a Single Blood Draw at Clinical Trial Sites for Biomarker Analysis

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Specific ATM-mediated phosphorylation dependent on radiation quality.

Mary K Whalen¹, Sukhleen K Gurai, Hengameh Zahed-Kargaran

¹Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Radiation Research

|September 4, 2008

Summary

High- and low-LET radiation trigger different cellular repair responses. While gamma-H2AX increased with high-LET radiation, ATM-dependent pATF2 and pSMC1 levels decreased, indicating distinct DNA repair signaling.

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Oligopeptide Competition Assay for Phosphorylation Site Determination

Oligopeptide Competition Assay for Phosphorylation Site Determination

Published on: May 18, 2017

Area of Science:

Cellular and Molecular Biology
Radiation Biology
Biophysics

Background:

Cellular responses to radiation are critical for understanding biological effects.
Different radiation types (e.g., high- vs. low-LET) can elicit distinct biological outcomes.
Phospho-proteins like gamma-H2AX, pATF2, and pSMC1 are key markers of DNA damage response and repair.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if physical differences between high- and low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation are reflected in cellular phospho-protein profiles.
To compare the kinetics of gamma-H2AX, pATF2, and pSMC1 after X-ray (low-LET) and iron-ion (high-LET) exposure.
To elucidate the role of ATM in response to different radiation types.

Main Methods:

Utilized flow cytometry to quantify total phospho-protein levels (gamma-H2AX, pATF2, pSMC1) over time post-irradiation.
Exposed cells to X-rays (low-LET) and iron ions (high-LET) at equivalent doses.
Quantified phospho-protein foci to assess cellular response localization and intensity.

Main Results:

Observed greater induction and persistence of gamma-H2AX after high-LET (iron-ion) exposure compared to low-LET (X-ray) exposure.
Found markedly lower induction levels of pATF2 and pSMC1 after high-LET exposure compared to low-LET exposure.
Quantification of foci revealed fewer cells with pATF2 and pSMC1 foci, and fewer foci per cell, after high-LET exposure.

Conclusions:

High- and low-LET radiation induce differential cellular responses, particularly in ATM-dependent signaling pathways.
The ATM kinase appears to respond differently to double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by high-LET versus low-LET radiation.
These findings highlight distinct molecular mechanisms underlying cellular responses to varying radiation qualities.