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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
07:53

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 1, 2020

Direct scattering, trapping, and desorption in atom-surface collisions.

Guoqing Fan1, J R Manson

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|September 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study develops a classical scattering theory to rigorously test Maxwell's assumption on gas-surface interactions. The theory explains direct scattering, trapping, and desorption, validating experimental measurements.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
07:53

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 1, 2020

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
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Published on: August 17, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Physical chemistry
  • Gas-surface interactions

Background:

  • Maxwell's assumption posits gas scattering involves direct and equilibrium trapping-desorption fractions.
  • Understanding gas-surface dynamics is crucial for chemical reactions and material science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a classical mechanical scattering theory for gas-surface interactions.
  • To rigorously test Maxwell's assumption on scattering.
  • To quantitatively explain experimental measurements of gas scattering.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a classical mechanical scattering theory.
  • Application of the theory to analyze direct scattering, trapping, and desorption.
  • Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data for Argon scattering on a self-assembled monolayer.

Main Results:

  • The developed theory provides a rigorous test of Maxwell's assumption.
  • Conditions for the validity of Maxwell's assumption are determined.
  • Quantitative explanations for experimental measurements of Argon scattering were achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The classical scattering theory accurately describes gas-surface interactions.
  • Maxwell's assumption is valid under specific conditions.
  • The study offers new insights into gas-surface dynamics and validates experimental findings.