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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

Published on: July 19, 2019

Proton electromagnetic-form-factor ratios at low Q2.

Gerald A Miller¹, E Piasetzky, G Ron

¹Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|September 4, 2008

Summary

We investigated the proton's magnetic and electric form factors at low momentum transfer (Q2). Our findings reveal that proton magnetization density extends further than its charge density, challenging previous assumptions.

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Area of Science:

Nuclear Physics
Particle Physics
Quantum Chromodynamics

Background:

The ratio R = μGE(Q2)/GM(Q2) describes proton electromagnetic form factors at low momentum transfer (Q2).
Associated radii are not direct moments of charge or magnetization densities.
Previous studies indicated a reduction of R as Q2 increases, suggesting differing spatial extents.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the proton's form factors GE(Q2) and GM(Q2) at very small Q2.
To investigate the spatial distribution of proton charge and magnetization densities.
To establish a relationship between the measurable ratio R and moments of these densities.

Main Methods:

Interpreting the form factor F2 as a 2D Fourier transform of magnetization density.
Deriving a relationship between the measurable ratio R and moments of charge and magnetization densities.
Analyzing the spatial extent of charge and magnetization densities based on derived relationships.

Main Results:

The proton form factor F2 is shown to be the 2D Fourier transform of a magnetization density.
A direct relationship between the ratio R and moments of true charge and magnetization densities was derived.
The derived relationship indicates that proton magnetization density extends further than its charge density.

Conclusions:

Proton magnetization density has a larger spatial extent than its charge density.
This finding contrasts with expectations derived from the observed reduction of R as Q2 increases.
The study provides a new interpretation of proton structure at low momentum transfer.