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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in various...

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
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Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
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Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...

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Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis

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Intranasal corticosteroids and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.

Catherine Origlieri¹, Leonard Bielory

¹UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology

|September 5, 2008

Summary

Intranasal corticosteroids show promise for alleviating eye symptoms in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Proper clinical trial methods, like individual symptom scoring and avoiding rescue medications, are crucial for detecting their full efficacy.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Allergy and Immunology
Pharmacology

Background:

Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis commonly presents with both nasal and ocular symptoms.
Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) are a well-established treatment for allergic rhinitis.
The efficacy of INCS for ocular symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is an area of ongoing research.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent evidence on the effectiveness of intranasal corticosteroids in managing ocular manifestations of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
To evaluate how clinical trial methodologies impact the assessment of INCS efficacy for eye symptoms.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of recent clinical trials and studies.
Analysis of symptom scoring methods (individual vs. pooled scores).
Examination of the influence of rescue medication use on outcome detection.

Main Results:

Recent evidence suggests intranasal corticosteroids can effectively reduce ocular symptoms associated with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
The method of assessing ocular symptoms significantly influences the detection of treatment efficacy.
Individual symptom scoring is more sensitive to detecting improvements compared to pooled scores.
The use of rescue medications may mask the statistically significant benefits of INCS on eye symptoms.

Conclusions:

Intranasal corticosteroids demonstrate a promising therapeutic effect on the ocular symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
Future clinical trials should prioritize individual ocular symptom assessment and restrict the use of rescue medications to accurately evaluate INCS effectiveness.