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Multimodal warning signals for a multiple predator world.

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Tiger moths evolve warning signals based on predator activity. Their visual and acoustic signals vary with bird and bat predation pressures, adapting to different seasons and times of day.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Aposematism, an anti-predator defense, relies on predators associating prey signals with unprofitability.
  • Multimodal signals' effectiveness may differ based on predator sensory systems, but the impact of multiple predator classes on signal evolution is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how multiple predator classes influence the evolution of warning signals in tiger moths.
  • To determine if tiger moth warning signals vary with the sensory capacities and activity patterns of different predators.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a community-level molecular phylogeny to generate phylogenetically independent contrasts.
  • Analyzed warning signal evolution in tiger moths in relation to the seasonal and daily activity patterns of birds and bats.

Main Results:

  • Tiger moth warning signals, including coloration and ultrasonic clicks, vary with bird and bat activity.
  • Species active during the day in spring were visually conspicuous, while those emerging later or active nocturnally produced ultrasonic clicks or were visually cryptic.

Conclusions:

  • Selective pressures from multiple predator classes play distinct roles in shaping multimodal warning displays.
  • Acoustic warning signals in tiger moths may evolve more readily than conspicuous coloration due to fewer theoretical challenges.