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Repeated adaptive introgression at a gene under multiallelic balancing selection.

Vincent Castric1, Jesper Bechsgaard, Mikkel H Schierup

  • 1Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Laboratoire Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, CNRS UMR 8016, France. Vincent.Castric@univ-lille1.fr

Plos Genetics
|September 5, 2008
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Summary

Balancing selection drives adaptive introgression at self-incompatibility loci between closely related plant species. This study provides the first evidence of adaptive introgression facilitated by balancing selection, increasing S-allele diversity.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Population Genetics
  • Plant Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Recently diverged species often have incomplete reproductive barriers, leading to gene flow (introgression) between them.
  • The role of natural selection in introgression is debated; some genomic regions resist introgression due to co-adaptation, while others may promote it.
  • Genes under balancing selection, like those involved in self-incompatibility, are predicted to experience higher introgression rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if negative, frequency-dependent selection on self-incompatibility (S) genes promotes higher introgression rates compared to the genomic background.
  • To investigate the role of balancing selection in facilitating adaptive introgression between Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis lyrata.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of genetic divergence at S-locus genes versus the genomic background in A. halleri and A. lyrata.
  • Quantification of introgression rates for S-alleles and background loci.
  • Statistical assessment to rule out differences in effective population size as an explanation for observed divergence patterns.

Main Results:

  • Identified 18 pairs of slightly divergent S-alleles shared between the two species.
  • Observed significantly lower divergence at four-fold degenerate sites within S-alleles (K=0.0193) compared to the genomic background (K=0.0743).
  • Demonstrated a five-fold increase in introgression rates for S-alleles, not attributable to effective population size differences.

Conclusions:

  • This study presents the first documented case of adaptive introgression facilitated by balancing selection at the S-locus.
  • Balancing selection plays a crucial role in maintaining high allelic diversity and divergence at S-locus genes in flowering plants.
  • S-locus introgression provides a lower-bound estimate for the time since species ceased forming fertile hybrids.