Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Avian Influenza Surveillance with FTA Cards: Field Methods, Biosafety, and Transportation Issues Solved
12:09

Avian Influenza Surveillance with FTA Cards: Field Methods, Biosafety, and Transportation Issues Solved

Published on: August 2, 2011

Full-length genome sequence of avain paramyxovirus type 4 isolated from a mallard duck

Woo-Jin Jeon1, Eun-Kyoung Lee, Jun-Hun Kwon

  • 1Avian Diseases Division, Veterinary Research Institute, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480 Anyang-6, Anyang, Gyeonggi, 430-824, South Korea.

Virus Genes
|September 5, 2008
PubMed

Insights

Researchers sequenced the complete avian paramyxovirus-4 (APMV-4) genome from a mallard duck. This finding aids in understanding APMV-4

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) encompass nine serotypes, with limited genomic sequencing data available for most.
  • APMV-1 and APMV-6 are the only APMV serotypes previously fully sequenced.
  • Understanding the genetic makeup of different APMV serotypes is crucial for viral classification and control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the complete RNA genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus-4 (APMV-4) isolated from a mallard duck.
  • To characterize the genomic structure and gene order of APMV-4.
  • To determine the phylogenetic relationship of APMV-4 within the Avulavirus genus.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and sequencing of the complete 15,054 nt RNA genome of APMV-4.
  • Analysis of the genome for adherence to the "rule of six."
  • Identification of transcriptional units and encoded proteins (NP, P/V, M, F, HN, L).
  • Comparative analysis of genomic features, including the presence/absence of small hydrophobic proteins and terminal sequences.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to determine the taxonomic classification and relationships of APMV-4.

Main Results:

  • The complete 15,054 nt RNA genome of APMV-4 was successfully sequenced and confirmed to follow the "rule of six."
  • The APMV-4 genome comprises six transcriptional units (3 0027NP-P/V-M-F-HN-L-5 0027) encoding the N, P/V, M, F, HN, and L proteins.
  • APMV-4 lacks a small hydrophobic protein, similar to APMV-1 but distinct from APMV-6.
  • Leader and trailer sequences were 55 and 17 nt, respectively, with complementary 12 nt terminal regions.
  • Phylogenetic analysis placed APMV-4 within the Avulavirus genus, showing closer relatedness to APMV-1 than to APMV-2 or APMV-6.

Conclusions:

  • The complete genomic sequence and characterization of APMV-4 provide essential data for understanding avian paramyxovirus diversity.
  • The findings support the classification of APMV-4 within the Avulavirus genus and highlight its evolutionary relationship with other APMV serotypes.
  • This study contributes to the taxonomic understanding of the Paramyxoviridae family, specifically the Avulavirus members.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method06:57

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

Published on: May 30, 2025

Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity07:15

Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity

Published on: November 22, 2021

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...