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Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Apoptotic Biomarkers in Actinomycin D-Treated SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Apoptotic Biomarkers in Actinomycin D-Treated SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells

Published on: August 26, 2021

Multiparameter analysis of physiological changes in apoptosis.

¹University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Current Protocols in Cytometry

|September 5, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Apoptosis involves mitochondrial dysfunction, detectable by multicolor flow cytometry. This method quantifies compromised cells and tracks simultaneous physiological changes, offering insights into cell death mechanisms.

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Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model

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Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Apoptotic Biomarkers in Actinomycin D-Treated SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Apoptotic Biomarkers in Actinomycin D-Treated SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells

Published on: August 26, 2021

Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model

Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model

Published on: April 16, 2014

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Biochemistry
Molecular Biology

Background:

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key indicator of apoptosis.
Multicolor flow cytometry is a powerful technique for analyzing cellular processes.
Understanding apoptosis requires simultaneous measurement of multiple cellular parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

To present protocols for detecting and quantifying apoptosis-related mitochondrial changes.
To enable simultaneous measurement of various mitochondrial parameters within single cells.
To investigate the co-occurrence of specific mitochondrial alterations during apoptosis.

Main Methods:

Utilizing multicolor flow cytometry with fluorescent dyes.
Monitoring specific mitochondrial features such as NADH levels, membrane potential, cardiolipin, and cellular thiols.
Integrating cell cycle analysis with apoptosis detection.

Main Results:

Established protocols for combined measurements of NADH levels and mitochondrial membrane potential.
Developed methods for cell cycle stage-specific apoptosis detection.
Enabled simultaneous quantification of cellular thiol and mitochondrial cardiolipin levels.

Conclusions:

Multicolor flow cytometry allows for precise detection and quantification of apoptosis-related mitochondrial changes.
Simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters provides a comprehensive understanding of apoptosis.
These protocols facilitate detailed investigation into the dynamics of cell death.