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Related Concept Videos

Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

The diagnosis and management of asthma are comprehensive, encompassing clinical assessments, lung function tests, and pharmacological interventions. Here's an overview:
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
This is the first step in diagnosing and managing asthma. It includes:
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by anesthetizing...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Minimally Invasive Method for Intratracheal Instillation of Drugs in Neonatal Rodents to Treat Lung Disease
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Published on: August 4, 2021

[Aerosol therapy in infants].

Israel Amirav1, Michael T Newhouse

  • 1Pediatric Department, Sieff Hospital, Safed, Israel. amirav@012.net.il

Harefuah
|September 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Infants require specialized aerosol therapy due to unique anatomical and physiological differences. This review highlights challenges in aerosol delivery for infants and suggests solutions for improved clinical outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Respiratory Medicine
  • Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Context:

  • Aerosol therapy is crucial for treating respiratory conditions in infants.
  • Existing data on aerosol deposition is primarily derived from adult and older pediatric populations, limiting direct applicability to infants.
  • Infants possess distinct anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that significantly impact aerosol delivery and lung deposition.

Purpose:

  • To review the unique factors influencing aerosol therapy in infants.
  • To highlight the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral differences between infants and older populations relevant to aerosol delivery.
  • To propose solutions and future research directions for optimizing aerosol therapy in infants.

Summary:

  • Infants present unique challenges for aerosol therapy due to their distinct anatomy, physiology, and behavior.

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Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
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  • Current understanding of aerosol deposition is largely based on adult data, which is not directly transferable to infants.
  • This review details these differences and suggests strategies to improve aerosol drug delivery and clinical outcomes in the pediatric population.

    • Impact:

    • Provides a comprehensive overview of challenges in infant aerosol therapy.
    • Informs the development of more effective aerosol delivery devices and techniques for infants.
    • Guides future research to enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes in pediatric respiratory care.