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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving

Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving

A parallel-plate capacitor with capacitance C, whose plates have area A and separation distance d, is connected to a resistor R and a battery of voltage V. The current starts to flow at t = 0. What is the displacement current between the capacitor plates at time t? From the properties of the capacitor, what is the corresponding real current?
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In any LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) system, the convolution of two signals is denoted using a convolution operator, assuming all initial conditions are zero. The convolution integral can be divided into two parts: the zero-input or natural response and the zero-state or forced response, with t0 indicating the initial time.
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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Published on: December 8, 2023

Harnessing vision for computation.

Mark Changizi¹

¹Department of Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA. changizi@rpi.edu

|September 9, 2008

Summary

This research explores using the human visual system for artificial computation. New methods create

Area of Science:

Computational Neuroscience
Artificial Intelligence
Visual Perception

Background:

The potential for biological systems to perform computation beyond their natural functions.
Existing computational paradigms and their limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the feasibility of using the human visual system for artificial computation.
To develop novel methods for creating 'visual circuits' that leverage visual perception.

Main Methods:

Designing 'visual circuits' using basic logic gates (NOT, OR, AND).
Implementing these circuits within a visual modality.
Utilizing the visual system as 'visual hardware' for computation.

Main Results:

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Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

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Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Published on: December 8, 2023

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches

Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches

Published on: June 21, 2022

Demonstration of a research program for visual computation.
Successful construction of 'visual software' using logic gates.
The visual system processes these circuits to generate perceptual outputs.

Conclusions:

The human visual system can potentially be harnessed for artificial computation.
This approach offers a novel paradigm for 'visual hardware' and 'visual software'.