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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
07:44

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism

Published on: September 6, 2024

[Massive pulmonary embolism].

Olivier Sanchez1, Benjamin Planquette, Delphine Wermert

  • 1Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de médecine, F-75 006 Paris, France. olivier.sanchez@egp.aphp.fr

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|September 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Massive pulmonary embolism diagnosis relies on clinical signs and bedside echocardiography, prioritizing rapid confirmation. Thrombolytic therapy is recommended for massive cases, but its use in sub-massive pulmonary embolism requires further research.

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Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

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Establishment of a Minimally Invasive Rat Model of Pulmonary Embolism Using Autologous Blood Clots
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Establishment of a Minimally Invasive Rat Model of Pulmonary Embolism Using Autologous Blood Clots

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Massive pulmonary embolism (PE) is characterized by hypotension or shock.
  • Sub-massive PE definitions vary, often including right ventricular dysfunction or biomarkers in stable patients.
  • Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial for massive PE outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic strategies for massive and sub-massive pulmonary embolism.
  • To discuss current treatment recommendations and controversies.
  • To emphasize the importance of bedside diagnostics and early intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical assessment of hemodynamic stability.
  • Bedside echocardiography for right ventricular assessment.
  • Spiral computed tomography (CT) for definitive diagnosis when needed.
  • Review of current treatment guidelines and ongoing research.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis of massive PE can be confirmed rapidly using clinical probability and bedside echocardiography.
  • D-dimer tests are not useful for diagnosing PE in this context.
  • Anticoagulation should be initiated promptly upon suspicion of PE.
  • Thrombolysis is indicated for massive PE; its benefit in sub-massive PE is uncertain.
  • Surgical or catheter embolectomy is reserved for rare, selected cases.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid diagnosis of massive PE using bedside tools is essential.
  • Anticoagulation is the first-line treatment, with thrombolysis reserved for massive PE.
  • Further randomized trials are needed to clarify the role of thrombolysis in sub-massive PE.