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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Migraine at all ages.

Marcelo E Bigal1, Richard B Lipton

  • 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10451, USA. mbigal@aecom.yu.edu

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|September 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Migraine characteristics change with age, with attacks becoming shorter and less typical in older adults. Understanding these age-related migraine patterns is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.

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Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

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Published on: June 2, 2014

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Published on: July 29, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Gerontology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The prevalence of migraine is known to be influenced by age.
  • However, the clinical characteristics of migraine throughout the lifespan are not well understood.
  • Existing research suggests migraine attacks may shorten and become less typical as individuals age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence and clinical features of episodic migraine.
  • To examine the epidemiology and characteristics of transformed migraine across different age groups.
  • To clarify how age influences migraine for improved clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on episodic migraine prevalence and clinical features.
  • Epidemiological analysis of transformed migraine across the lifespan.
  • Synthesis of current evidence on age-related changes in migraine presentation.

Main Results:

  • Migraine attacks tend to become shorter and less typical with advancing age.
  • Transformed migraine also exhibits age-related variations in its presentation.
  • Age significantly impacts migraine prevalence and clinical characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Age is a critical factor influencing migraine presentation and epidemiology.
  • Understanding age-specific migraine patterns is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment strategies.
  • Further research into age-related migraine biology may reveal new therapeutic targets.