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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
Membrane Domains01:18

Membrane Domains

The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
Protein Domains
The membrane comprises a group of distinct proteins responsible for carrying out a cell's specific function. For example, the plasma membrane of the human sperm, or a single germ cell, contains a unique set of proteins in the anterior...
Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Multi-color Localization Microscopy of Single Membrane Proteins in Organelles of Live Mammalian Cells
11:06

Multi-color Localization Microscopy of Single Membrane Proteins in Organelles of Live Mammalian Cells

Published on: June 30, 2018

Sub-cellular localization of membrane proteins.

Pawel G Sadowski1, Arnoud J Groen, Paul Dupree

  • 1Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Proteomics
|September 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Determining the sub-cellular localization of membrane proteins is crucial for understanding cellular functions. This review highlights methods for accurately locating these proteins within organelles and discusses known membrane protein sets.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells contain numerous membrane-bound sub-cellular structures essential for physiological functions.
  • Proteins are trafficked to specific organelles to perform their roles, making sub-cellular localization critical for biological understanding.
  • Membrane proteins are vital components of organelle boundaries, involved in transport, signaling, and cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methodologies for accurate sub-cellular localization of membrane proteins.
  • To discuss the challenges associated with studying membrane proteins.
  • To summarize the known membrane protein compositions of major eukaryotic organelles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sub-cellular localization techniques for membrane proteins.
  • Analysis of challenges in membrane protein research, including solubility and accessibility.
  • Compilation of data on membrane protein cohorts in various organelles.

Main Results:

  • Several methodologies exist for determining membrane protein sub-cellular localization.
  • Membrane proteins present unique challenges in proteomic studies due to their inherent properties.
  • Significant progress has been made in characterizing membrane protein populations within key organelles.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate sub-cellular localization of membrane proteins is fundamental to cell biology.
  • Overcoming technical challenges is key to advancing membrane protein research.
  • Understanding organelle-specific membrane protein cohorts enhances our knowledge of cellular compartmentalization and function.