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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...

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Methyl-binding DNA capture Sequencing for Patient Tissues
08:40

Methyl-binding DNA capture Sequencing for Patient Tissues

Published on: October 31, 2016

Cell type-specific DNA methylation patterns in the human breast.

Noga Bloushtain-Qimron1, Jun Yao, Eric L Snyder

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic programs control cell identity in human mammary epithelium. Similarities to stem cells were found, with specific transcription factors regulating cell phenotypes and potentially driving breast cancer subtypes.

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Published on: August 5, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Cellular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Cellular identity and differentiation are governed by epigenetic programs.
  • The epigenetic characteristics of normal human mammary epithelium and their relation to stem cells remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of distinct mammary epithelial cell subpopulations.
  • To compare these epigenetic programs with those of human embryonic stem cells.
  • To identify epigenetic patterns associated with normal mammary epithelium and breast cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized methylation-specific digital karyotyping (MSDK) and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to analyze DNA methylation and gene expression.
  • Compared epigenetic profiles of mammary epithelial cells with human embryonic stem cells.
  • Correlated epigenetic patterns with cell subpopulations and breast cancer subtypes.

Main Results:

  • Identified discrete cell-type and differentiation state-specific DNA methylation and gene expression patterns.
  • CD44+ mammary cells exhibited hypomethylation and high expression of stem cell-related transcription factors (e.g., HOXA10, TCF3).
  • Epigenetic patterns in CD44+ cells showed similarities to undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells, including enrichment for Suz12 targets.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic programs in mammary epithelial cells share similarities with those in embryonic stem cells.
  • Epigenetically regulated transcription factors, such as FOXC1, play a crucial role in defining mammary epithelial cell phenotypes.
  • These findings suggest a role for epigenetic control in maintaining progenitor cell characteristics and potentially in breast cancer development.