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Related Concept Videos

Blinding01:11

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs01:15

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
Controls in Experiments01:13

Controls in Experiments

When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons
07:13

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

Published on: November 9, 2018

Double-blind active-control trials: beware the comparator you keep.

Mark J Dinubile1

  • 1Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA. mark_dinubile@merck.com

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|September 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Comparator drugs in clinical trials can influence results. Comparing caspofungin (an echinocandin antifungal) showed fever rates varied based on whether fluconazole or amphotericin was the comparator drug.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • The indirect impact of comparator drugs in clinical trials is often overlooked.
  • Known comparators can influence the perceived safety and efficacy of novel agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential spillover effects of comparator drugs in antifungal clinical trials.
  • To analyze the influence of amphotericin versus fluconazole as comparators on caspofungin trial outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of drug-related fever rates in three clinical trials.
  • Comparison of caspofungin (50 mg/day) in trials with fluconazole versus amphotericin as comparators.
  • Focus on patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus and mucosal candidiasis.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of drug-related fever differed more between caspofungin groups using different comparators than between concurrent caspofungin and fluconazole groups.
  • This suggests comparator choice can confound adverse event reporting.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of comparator drug can significantly impact the interpretation of adverse events for novel antifungal agents.
  • Blinded, active-controlled trials may have confounded reporting of adverse experiences due to comparator expectations.