Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
Published on: June 24, 2025
Topical application of Escherichia coli particles over-producing pathogen-derived antigens as a simple vaccination
Jianfeng Zhang1, De-chu C Tang
1Vaxin Inc., 1500 First Avenue North, Birmingham, Alabama 35203, USA. zhang@vaxin.com
Abstract:
The development of a new generation of vaccines that can be produced rapidly at low costs and mass-administered noninvasively by non-medical personnel is crucial for boosting vaccine coverage in response to an escalation in demand. The demonstration that topical application of bioengineered nonreplicating Escherichia coli particles overproducing pathogen-derived antigens can mobilize the immune repertoire toward beneficial immune protection against relevant pathogens holds promise for enabling mass-immunization without pain, fear and perceivable tissue damage. Moreover, this noninvasive regimen using E. coli epitopes as a natural adjuvant is in compliance with evolutionary medicine.
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