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Related Concept Videos

States of Matter01:20

States of Matter

Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Scientists have discovered a fourth state of matter, plasma, that occurs naturally in the interiors...
States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars.
System, Surroundings, and State01:24

System, Surroundings, and State

Thermodynamics studies the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy. A key concept in this field is a "system," the macroscopic part of the universe under observation. Systems can interact with their surroundings, leading to three types: open, closed, and isolated systems.Open systems permit the exchange of both matter and energy with their surroundings, like a boiling pot of water.In contrast, closed systems only allow the transfer of energy, restricting the movement of matter...
What is Matter?01:13

What is Matter?

The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of gravity. Where gravity...
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure, that...

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Visualization of Productivity Zones Based on Nitrogen Mass Balance Model in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island
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The state of MIIND.

Marc de Kamps1, Volker Baier, Johannes Drever

  • 1Biosystems Group, School of Computing, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom. dekamps@comp.leeds.ac.uk

Neural Networks : the Official Journal of the International Neural Network Society
|September 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

MIIND is a C++ framework that accelerates cognitive neuroscience model development. It provides reusable modules for sparse networks and dynamic simulations, supporting detailed and extensible neural models.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Developing computational models in cognitive neuroscience is time-consuming.
  • Existing frameworks may impose specific modeling philosophies.
  • Need for flexible and reusable tools to accelerate research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce MIIND (Multiple Interacting Instantiations of Neural Dynamics), a modular C++ framework.
  • Reduce development time for cognitive neuroscience models.
  • Support for various modeling approaches and biological detail.

Main Methods:

  • MIIND offers reusable code modules (libraries) for common modeling tasks.
  • Includes libraries for sparse network implementation (SparseImplementationLib, LayerMappingLib).
  • Provides a generic simulation framework (DynamicLib) with specific implementations (e.g., Wilson-Cowan, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, leaky-integrate-and-fire).

Main Results:

  • MIIND facilitates the implementation of sparse networks and dynamic neural processes.
  • Supports model detailing (adding biological complexity) and extensibility (model reuse).
  • Successfully applied to instantiate neural models of visual attention and artificial vision (e.g., HMAX).

Conclusions:

  • MIIND is a versatile framework for accelerating cognitive neuroscience research.
  • Its modular design and focus on extensibility promote efficient model development.
  • Future applications include integrating attention mechanisms into artificial vision models.