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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
07:00

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: October 13, 2016

Impaired action knowledge in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

M Grossman1, C Anderson, A Khan

  • 1Department of Neurology-2 Gibson, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA. mgrossma@mail.med.upenn.edu

Neurology
|September 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) show impaired action knowledge due to motor cortex atrophy. This cognitive deficit also involves broader semantic memory components.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting motor neurons.
  • Emerging evidence indicates ALS also causes widespread cognitive impairments beyond motor system decline.
  • This study investigates cognitive deficits in action knowledge and their relationship to brain atrophy in ALS patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess performance on tasks requiring knowledge of actions versus objects in ALS patients.
  • To correlate performance on these cognitive tasks with patterns of cortical atrophy observed via MRI.
  • To elucidate the neural underpinnings of semantic memory deficits in ALS.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-four ALS patients completed tasks involving word-description matching and associativity judgments for actions and objects.
  • High-resolution structural MRI was utilized for all participants.
  • Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was employed to map cortical atrophy and relate it to cognitive performance.

Main Results:

  • ALS patients exhibited significantly greater impairment in action knowledge compared to object knowledge.
  • Action knowledge deficits correlated with atrophy in the motor cortex, suggesting degraded action feature representations.
  • Object knowledge performance did not correlate with motor cortex atrophy.
  • Several brain regions showed correlations with deficits in both action and object knowledge, indicating roles in general semantic memory components.

Conclusions:

  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients experience impairments in action knowledge.
  • These impairments stem from both the degradation of action-specific knowledge in the motor cortex and broader deficits in general semantic memory functions.
  • The findings highlight the complex cognitive impact of ALS, extending beyond motor neuron degeneration.