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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat
08:05

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in clinical practice.

Xavier Capdevila1, Matthieu Ponrouch, Olivier Choquet

  • 1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Montpellier I University, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France. x-capdevila@chu-montpellier.fr

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|September 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous peripheral nerve blocks offer superior pain relief compared to opioids. Ultrasound guidance and stimulating catheters enhance the effectiveness and safety of these blocks for improved patient outcomes.

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Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat
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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pain Management
  • Regional Anesthesia

Background:

  • Continuous peripheral nerve blocks provide prolonged analgesia.
  • They offer advantages over traditional systemic opioid-based pain management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review new insights into indications and procedural guidance for continuous peripheral nerve blocks.
  • To highlight advancements in continuous peripheral nerve block techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on continuous peripheral nerve blocks.
  • Analysis of data regarding efficacy, side effects, and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Continuous peripheral nerve blocks demonstrate superior analgesia compared to systemic opioids.
  • These blocks prolong local anesthetic delivery, minimize side effects, and improve quality of life.
  • Ultrasound guidance and stimulating catheters can improve block placement and efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous peripheral nerve blocks are crucial for perioperative pain management in both inpatient and ambulatory settings.
  • Ultrasound guidance and stimulating catheters are valuable tools for anesthetists performing these procedures.