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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
12:23

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

Mixed cryoglobulinemia.

Clodoveo Ferri1

  • 1Dipartimento Medicine e Specialità Mediche, Cattedra ed U,O,C, di Reumatologia, Università di Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. clferri@unimo.it

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
|September 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a rare immune complex disorder affecting multiple organs. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a key factor, necessitating targeted treatment for better patient outcomes.

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Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies
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Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
12:23

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies
10:16

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

Published on: September 15, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) involves circulating immune complexes causing purpura, weakness, and arthralgias.
  • While rare, its prevalence is underestimated, with higher incidence in Southern Europe.
  • MC can affect various organs, including skin, liver, kidneys, and nerves, and may be linked to malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of Mixed Cryoglobulinemia.
  • To highlight the association of MC with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection and other immune disorders.
  • To outline diagnostic hallmarks and treatment strategies for MC.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical and laboratory findings analysis.
  • Review of pathological findings, including skin biopsy for leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
  • Differential diagnosis consideration for autoimmune, infectious, and neoplastic disorders.

Main Results:

  • MC diagnosis relies on circulating mixed cryoglobulins, low C4, and skin purpura.
  • HCV infection is a significant etiopathogenic factor.
  • Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a typical pathological finding.

Conclusions:

  • HCV eradication is the primary treatment for MC.
  • Pathogenetic treatments should be individualized based on disease severity.
  • Long-term monitoring is crucial for managing complications and improving prognosis.