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Related Concept Videos

Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
Carnot Cycle and Efficiency01:26

Carnot Cycle and Efficiency

The Second Law of Thermodynamics asserts that it's impossible for any heat engine to achieve 100% efficiency. While contemplating the maximum possible efficiency, Nicolas Sadi Carnot conceptualized an ideal heat engine. This engine gets its energy from a high-temperature reservoir. It then performs some work and releases the remaining energy into a low-temperature reservoir.The Carnot cycle, named after Sadi Carnot, is fully reversible. The cycle consists of four distinct stages. In the first...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
07:32

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

Published on: June 8, 2017

Short crank cycle ergometry.

R E Schwartz, P D Asnis, J T Cavanaugh

    The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
    |January 1, 1991
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a custom cycle ergometer with adjustable crank lengths to reduce the knee range of motion required for cycling. This innovation aids early postoperative knee patients in rehabilitation by accommodating limited knee movement.

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    Published on: October 10, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Biomechanics
    • Rehabilitation Engineering

    Background:

    • Cycling rehabilitation requires specific knee range of motion.
    • Conventional cycle ergometers may not accommodate patients with limited knee mobility post-surgery.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a mathematical model for analyzing knee angle during cycling.
    • To design and build a custom cycle ergometer with adjustable crank lengths to reduce the required knee range of motion.

    Main Methods:

    • Mathematical analysis of knee angle changes during cycling.
    • Development of a computer program to generate individualized range of motion profiles based on patient limb lengths.
    • Construction of a custom cycle ergometer with interchangeable crank lengths (80 mm, 110 mm, 140 mm, 170 mm).

    Main Results:

    • Shortening the cycle ergometer's crank length reduces the necessary arc of knee motion.
    • The custom ergometer allows for precise adjustment of the range of motion to suit individual patient needs.
    • The device is adaptable for patients with limited knee flexion or those requiring a restricted range of motion during therapy.

    Conclusions:

    • A custom cycle ergometer with adjustable crank lengths can effectively reduce the knee range of motion needed for cycling.
    • This adaptable ergometer provides a viable option for early postoperative knee patients and those in specific rehabilitation protocols.
    • The individualized approach optimizes therapeutic exercise for patients with restricted knee mobility.