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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Published on: July 17, 2020

The pathology of shin splints.

The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy

|January 1, 1990

Summary

Shin splints, characterized by leg pain during activity, may stem from tibial cortex, periosteum, or fascial pathology. Further research is needed to explore compartment pressure and other potential causes of shin splints.

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Biomechanics

Background:

Shin splints present as medial or posteromedial leg pain, aggravated by physical activity and relieved by rest.
This condition commonly affects individuals engaged in running and other impact-related sports.
Understanding the underlying pathology is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically evaluate existing experimental evidence on the pathology of shin splints.
To identify potential anatomical structures involved in the development of shin splints.
To highlight areas requiring further investigation in shin splints research.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of experimental studies.
Analysis of evidence related to tibial cortex, periosteum, and fascial pathology.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Published on: July 17, 2020

Identification of gaps in current research regarding shin splints etiology.

Main Results:

Evidence suggests shin splints may involve pathology of the posteromedial tibial cortex.
Pathology of the posteromedial tibial periosteum is indicated as a potential cause.
Involvement of the crural fascia within the deep posterior compartment of the leg is also suggested.

Conclusions:

Shin splints are associated with potential pathology in the tibial cortex, periosteum, and deep posterior compartment fascia.
Further research is necessary to investigate the role of deep posterior compartment pressure and other structures like muscles, tendons, and the interosseous membrane.
Clarifying the exact pathophysiology will improve management strategies for shin splints.