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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
Torque Free Motion01:15

Torque Free Motion

The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to rotate...
Electro-mechanical Systems01:19

Electro-mechanical Systems

Electromechanical systems are intricate configurations that effectively combine electrical and mechanical elements to achieve a desired outcome. Central to many of these systems is the DC motor, a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, enabling various applications ranging from simple fans to complex robotic mechanisms.
A key component of the DC motor is the armature, a rotating circuit positioned within a magnetic field. As an electric current passes through the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Construction of Constant-Load (Isotonic) and Constant-Velocity (Isokinetic) Torque-Velocity-Power Profiles In vivo for the Rat Plantar Flexors
07:44

Construction of Constant-Load (Isotonic) and Constant-Velocity (Isokinetic) Torque-Velocity-Power Profiles In vivo for the Rat Plantar Flexors

Published on: October 3, 2025

Increasing Involuntary Torque Production by Using TENS.

F B Underwood, G L Kremser, K Finstuen

    The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
    |January 1, 1990
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Low-amplitude electrical stimulation (ES) enhances maximal voluntary torque production in the quadriceps femoris muscle. Pre-treatment with low-amplitude ES significantly increases both torque generation and electrical current tolerance.

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    Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

    Construction of Constant-Load (Isotonic) and Constant-Velocity (Isokinetic) Torque-Velocity-Power Profiles In vivo for the Rat Plantar Flexors
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    Construction of Constant-Load (Isotonic) and Constant-Velocity (Isokinetic) Torque-Velocity-Power Profiles In vivo for the Rat Plantar Flexors

    Published on: October 3, 2025

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    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
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    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

    Published on: December 14, 2011

    Area of Science:

    • Exercise Physiology
    • Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

    Background:

    • Electrical stimulation (ES) is utilized in rehabilitation to enhance muscle strength.
    • Optimal parameters for ES protocols are crucial for maximizing therapeutic benefits.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of low-amplitude electrical stimulation (ES) on maximal tolerable ES and involuntary torque production.
    • To determine if pre-conditioning with low-amplitude ES improves quadriceps femoris muscle response to subsequent maximal ES.

    Main Methods:

    • Seventeen healthy volunteers (11 male, 6 female) participated.
    • Maximal tolerated ES was applied to both quadriceps femoris muscle groups.
    • One limb received 10 minutes of low-amplitude ES before maximal ES; the contralateral limb served as a control.

    Main Results:

    • Significantly greater torque generation (p < 0.01) was observed when maximal ES followed low-amplitude ES.
    • Subjects tolerated a significantly higher electrical current (p < 0.01) in the pre-conditioned limb.
    • Low-amplitude ES pre-treatment led to enhanced involuntary torque production.

    Conclusions:

    • Pre-conditioning with low-amplitude electrical stimulation can significantly improve maximal involuntary torque production in the quadriceps femoris muscle.
    • This finding suggests a potential strategy for optimizing ES protocols aimed at increasing muscular strength and performance.