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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to rotate...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Torque Free Motion01:15

Torque Free Motion

The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
Muscles that Move the Thigh01:20

Muscles that Move the Thigh

The thigh's motion is primarily governed by muscles originating in the pelvic girdle and inserted into the femur. One crucial muscle, the iliopsoas, is a combination of the psoas major and the iliacus muscles, sharing a common insertion point on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Three other significant muscles are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. The gluteus maximus originates from the posterior surface of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, and the thoracolumbar fascia...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
07:30

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Published on: May 1, 2018

Effect of body position on hamstring muscle group average torque.

T W Worrell, C R Denegar, S L Armstrong

    The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
    |January 1, 1990
    PubMed
    Summary

    The prone position enhances hamstring strength more than the supine position for female athletes. Eccentric contractions also yield greater torque than concentric ones, suggesting the prone position for optimal hamstring assessment and training.

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    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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    Area of Science:

    • Sports Medicine
    • Biomechanics
    • Exercise Physiology

    Background:

    • Assessing hamstring muscle strength is crucial for athletic performance and injury prevention.
    • The position during testing may influence strength measurements due to biomechanical and neurological factors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of supine versus prone positioning on hamstring isokinetic strength.
    • To compare concentric and eccentric contraction torque in different positions.

    Main Methods:

    • Twelve female lacrosse players were tested using a dynamometer at 60 degrees/sec.
    • Hamstring average torque was measured in both supine and prone positions.
    • Concentric and eccentric contractions were analyzed.

    Main Results:

    • Higher average torque was generated in the prone position compared to the supine position.
    • Eccentric contractions produced greater torque than concentric contractions.
    • The prone position may optimize hamstring torque generation, mimicking sprinting biomechanics.

    Conclusions:

    • The prone position is recommended for assessing and training hamstring strength.
    • Neurological reflexes (tonic labyrinthine and symmetrical tonic neck) may explain positional differences.
    • Optimal hamstring strength assessment should consider the prone position for better performance insights.