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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

The Preparation and Properties of Thermo-reversibly Cross-linked Rubber Via Diels-Alder Chemistry

The Preparation and Properties of Thermo-reversibly Cross-linked Rubber Via Diels-Alder Chemistry

Published on: August 25, 2016

Natural rubber latex allergy.

Ravi Deval¹, V Ramesh, G B K S Prasad

¹Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

|September 18, 2008

Summary

Natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy is a growing concern, potentially linked to increased environmental sensitivities. Healthcare workers and those in the latex industry face higher risks due to occupational exposure.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Occupational Health
Allergology

Background:

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a common allergen found in numerous consumer and medical products.
Latex allergy is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity causing symptoms from angioedema to anaphylaxis.
Historically, latex allergy shifted from Type IV to Type I hypersensitivity, with increasing incidence.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the suspected increase in NRL allergy incidence.
To identify risk factors and high-risk populations for NRL sensitization.
To explore the correlation between atopy, environmental allergens, and NRL allergy.

Main Methods:

Literature review and analysis of existing studies on NRL allergy.
Examination of documented risk factors including surgical history, atopy, and spina bifida.

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Assessment of occupational exposure in latex industry and healthcare settings.

Main Results:

NRL allergy presents diverse clinical symptoms, including respiratory and skin reactions.
Known risk factors for NRL allergy include multiple surgeries, atopy, and certain congenital malformations.
Healthcare professionals and latex industry workers are identified as high-risk groups due to occupational exposure.

Conclusions:

Increased atopy and environmental allergen sensitivity may contribute to rising NRL allergy rates.
Occupational exposure, particularly mucosal contact with NRL medical devices, is a significant route for sensitization.
Further research is warranted to understand and mitigate NRL allergy in at-risk populations.