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Related Concept Videos

Compensation Mechanisms01:28

Compensation Mechanisms

The human body employs intricate mechanisms to counteract changes in blood pH, preventing conditions like acidosis (pH < 7.35) and alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These compensatory responses aim to restore normal arterial blood pH by engaging respiratory or renal systems, depending on the source of the imbalance.
Respiratory Compensation
This mechanism addresses metabolic-induced pH imbalances by adjusting breathing rates. Respiratory compensation begins within minutes of detecting a pH...
Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback01:24

Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback

Self-esteem is intricately tied to our perception of competence and our ability to exert control over our lives. One of the primary sources of this perception is performance feedback — the ongoing evaluation of our actions in terms of success and failure. According to Franks and Marolla (1976), people derive self-worth from experiencing themselves as causal agents, capable of achieving goals and overcoming obstacles. This process nurtures a critical component of self-esteem: self-efficacy,...
Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Impression Management Techniques III: Aligning Actions01:29

Impression Management Techniques III: Aligning Actions

Aligning actions are communicative strategies individuals employ to maintain social harmony and preserve personal identity in the face of potential disruptions to social norms. These actions are particularly important in managing social impressions when one's behavior might be seen as inappropriate, incompetent, or morally questionable.Types of Aligning ActionsThe three principal types of aligning actions are disclaimers, accounts, and apologies.DisclaimersDisclaimers are preventive; they are...
Persuasion Strategies01:52

Persuasion Strategies

Researchers have tested many persuasion strategies, including the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face techniques, in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, the principles are effective in selling products and changing people’s attitude, ideas, and behaviors (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
08:16

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Published on: January 17, 2013

Getting real performance out of pay-for-performance.

Sean Nicholson1, Mark V Pauly, Anita Ya Jung Wu

  • 1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. sn243@cornell.edu

The Milbank Quarterly
|September 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Pay-for-performance (P4P) programs can improve healthcare quality when insurers lack full knowledge of health production. P4P effectiveness depends on information availability and risk adjustment accuracy.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
08:16

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Published on: January 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Health Economics
  • Medical Quality Improvement

Background:

  • Pay-for-performance (P4P) programs are increasingly adopted by public and private health insurers.
  • These initiatives aim to enhance the quality of medical care delivery.
  • This study provides a framework for structuring and evaluating P4P programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of pay-for-performance (P4P) programs in improving healthcare quality.
  • To propose a paradigm for structuring P4P initiatives based on information availability.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed the comprehensiveness of evidence-based medicine.
  • Estimated outpatient medical spending for eighteen Institute of Medicine-recommended medical processes.
  • Analyzed conditions necessary for outcomes-based P4P success.

Main Results:

  • Three conditions are crucial for P4P success: insurer knowledge gaps, provider knowledge advantage, and accurate risk adjustment.
  • Currently, only two conditions are met: insurers have incomplete knowledge, and providers possess more knowledge.
  • Accurate risk adjustment methods for patient health status are still under development.

Conclusions:

  • P4P program structure and impact on quality and costs vary based on information completeness.
  • With incomplete information, P4P payments should be small, outcome-based, and targeted.
  • As information improves, P4P can be scaled up and eventually replaced by optimal fee-for-service.