Immunopathogenesis of celiac disease

Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dietary gluten that affects 1% of Europeans and North Americans. Gluten is unusual because it is consumed in relatively large amounts, is partially resistant to luminal digestion in the human small intestine, and when absorbed, is susceptible to post-translational modification (deamidation) by mucosal transglutaminase. Deamidation of certain gluten peptides enhances their binding to HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 and creates neodeterminants capable of stimulating CD4+ T cells. Only 5% of individuals with HLA-DQ2 and 0.5% of those with HLA-DQ8 have celiac disease, so immuno-logic tolerance to gluten is the norm. The critical steps in the immunopathogenesis of celiac disease are broadly understood, but little is known regarding mechanisms of tolerance to gluten. The effectiveness of therapies being developed for celiac disease will test the accuracy of our current understanding of disease pathogenesis.