Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Biological Treatment of Effluent and Waste Water

Biological Treatment of Effluent and Waste Water

Biological wastewater treatment relies on the metabolic activity of microorganisms to remove pollutants from sewage. In modern treatment systems, this process is organized into sequential stages that progressively reduce solid material, dissolved organic matter, and microbial contamination. Each stage plays a distinct role in improving water quality and preparing the effluent for safe discharge or reuse.Primary and Secondary TreatmentPrimary treatment is a physical process that removes large...

Microbial Fuel Cells

Microbial Fuel Cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical devices that generate electricity by exploiting the metabolic processes of electrogenic bacteria. These systems provide a renewable energy source and serve as an innovative method for treating organic waste, such as wastewater.A typical MFC consists of two chambers: an anoxic (oxygen-free) compartment that houses the bacteria and an oxic (oxygen-rich) compartment that contains oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Many MFCs use proton...

Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium

Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium

Microorganisms play a critical role in the transformation and immobilization of uranium in contaminated environments through four main pathways: bioreduction, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biomineralization. These mechanisms reduce uranium’s toxicity and prevent its migration through groundwater systems, offering sustainable approaches for in situ bioremediation.Bioreduction of UraniumBioreduction is driven by anaerobic bacteria such as certain strains of Geobacter and Shewanella, which use...

Batteries and Fuel Cells

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

Microbial Wastewater Treatment

Microbial Wastewater Treatment

Microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems play a key role in the natural breakdown of contaminants introduced through domestic and industrial effluents. Acting as biological catalysts, these microbes change and mineralize a wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants under different redox conditions.In oxygen-rich surface waters, aerobic heterotrophs lead organic matter breakdown, using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor to efficiently oxidize substrates to carbon dioxide and water.

Charging Conductors By Induction

Charging Conductors By Induction

The Earth is a good conductor of electricity, and it is so big that it can be considered an infinite source or sink of charges. It can easily exchange charges with any matter.
Generally, conductors like metals do not allow any excess charge to be present on them. Any excess charge added to metals easily flows away, for example, when a metal is placed on the Earth. This process is called earthing.
However, conductors can be charged by a process called induction. For example, consider charging a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is augmented by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in healthy volunteers.

Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology·1992

Same author

Primary mediastinal diffuse large cell lymphoma initially presented with pericardial infiltration.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)·1992

Same author

Suppressive effect of prostaglandin E1, but not prostacyclin, on ouabain-induced ventricular fibrillation in guinea-pigs.

Fukushima journal of medical science·1992

Same author

A lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase, p56lck, regulates the PMA-induced internalization of CD4.

Biochimica et biophysica acta·1992

Same author

Contact hypersensitivity reaction to ovalbumin in newborn guinea pigs from maternally sensitized animals.

Journal of dermatological science·1992

Same author

Relationship between plasma atrial and brain natriuretic peptide concentration and hemodynamic parameters during percutaneous transvenous mitral valvulotomy in patients with mitral stenosis.

American heart journal·1992

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Published on: January 28, 2020

Unit-charging programs for municipal solid waste in Japan.

S Sakai¹, T Ikematsu, Y Hirai

¹Kyoto University, Environment Preservation Center, Yoshidahon-machi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. sakai@eprc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Waste Management (New York, N.Y.)

|September 19, 2008

Summary

Pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) waste programs in Japan, implemented by 30% of municipalities, show significant waste reduction. Combining PAYT with recycling dramatically cuts residual waste generation.

More Related Videos

Optimization of An Air-Based Heat Management System for Dusty Particulate Matter-Covered Lithium-Ion Battery Packs

Optimization of An Air-Based Heat Management System for Dusty Particulate Matter-Covered Lithium-Ion Battery Packs

Published on: November 3, 2023

Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site

Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site

Published on: July 24, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Published on: January 28, 2020

Optimization of An Air-Based Heat Management System for Dusty Particulate Matter-Covered Lithium-Ion Battery Packs

Optimization of An Air-Based Heat Management System for Dusty Particulate Matter-Covered Lithium-Ion Battery Packs

Published on: November 3, 2023

Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site

Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site

Published on: July 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Waste Management Studies
Public Policy Analysis

Background:

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Japan has seen the adoption of unit-charging programs.
Pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) systems, where waste generation is charged per unit, have been implemented across various Japanese municipalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To survey the adoption and impact of PAYT programs for municipal solid waste in Japan.
To analyze the trends and effectiveness of PAYT in reducing waste generation.

Main Methods:

Survey of Japanese municipalities regarding PAYT implementation for combustible waste.
Analysis of PAYT adoption trends, including peak periods and typical municipality size.
Case studies of four municipalities to assess the impact of PAYT on residual waste reduction.

Main Results:

In 2003, 954 municipalities (30%) had implemented PAYT for combustible waste, with adoption peaks in the early 1970s and 1990s.
PAYT programs were more commonly adopted by smaller municipalities (under 30,000 population).
Case studies indicated that PAYT implementation reduced residual waste by 20% to 30%.

Conclusions:

PAYT programs, particularly when combined with recycling initiatives, are effective in significantly reducing municipal solid waste.
The study highlights the potential of PAYT as a policy tool for sustainable waste management.
Further research could explore the nuanced relationship between different PAYT structures and waste reduction outcomes.