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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes.
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Tuberculosis: unsealing the apoptotic envelope.

Steven A Porcelli¹, William R Jacobs

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.

Nature Immunology

|September 19, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis escapes host cells by triggering macrophage death. New research reveals how this pathogen manipulates cell death pathways, promoting bacterial survival and evading immune responses.

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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

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Published on: December 27, 2016

Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages

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Published on: May 24, 2019

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Microbiology
Cell Biology

Background:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resides within macrophages, a key component of the host immune system.
Mtb has evolved mechanisms to survive within these phagocytic cells.
Pathogen escape from macrophages is crucial for dissemination and establishing infection.

Discussion:

This study investigates the molecular mechanisms by which Mtb induces host cell death.
Understanding Mtb-mediated macrophage death is critical for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
The findings shed light on the intricate host-pathogen interactions during tuberculosis.

Key Insights:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis actively triggers macrophage death to facilitate its exit from host cells.
The pathogen manipulates specific host cell death pathways to ensure its survival and replication.
This controlled cell lysis aids Mtb in evading the host immune system and spreading infection.

Outlook:

Further research could identify novel drug targets aimed at inhibiting Mtb-induced macrophage death.
Developing strategies to enhance macrophage survival may bolster host immunity against tuberculosis.
This work opens new avenues for understanding bacterial pathogenesis and host immune evasion.