Thermodynamic characterization of cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha inhibitors

Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) alpha (cPLA(2)alpha, type IVA phospholipase) acts at the membrane surface to release free arachidonic acid, which is metabolized into inflammatory mediators, including leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Thus, specific cPLA(2)alpha inhibitors are predicted to have antiinflammatory properties. However, a key criterion in the identification and development of such inhibitors is to distinguish between compounds that bind stoichiometrically to cPLA(2)alpha and nonspecific membrane perturbants. In the current study, we developed a method employing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to characterize the binding of several distinct classes of cPLA(2)alpha inhibitors. Thermodynamic parameters and the binding constants were obtained following titration of the inhibitor to the protein at 30 degrees C and pH 7.4. The compounds tested bound cPLA(2)alpha with a 1:1 stoichiometry, and the dissociation constant K(d) of the inhibitors calculated from the ITC experiments correlated well with the IC(50) values obtained from enzymatic assays. Interestingly, binding was observed only in the presence of a micellar surface, even for soluble compounds. The site of binding of these inhibitors within cPLA(2)alpha was analyzed by testing for binding in the presence of methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), an irreversible active site inhibitor of cPLA(2)alpha. Lack of binding of inhibitors in the presence of MAFP suggested that the compounds tested bound specifically at or near the active site of the protein. Furthermore, the effect of various detergents on the binding of certain inhibitors to cPLA(2)alpha was also tested. The results are discussed with reference to thermodynamic parameters such as changes in enthalpy (DeltaH), entropy (DeltaS), and free energy (DeltaG). The data obtained from these studies provide not only structure-activity relationships for compounds but also important information regarding mechanism of binding. This is the first example of ITC used for studying inhibitors of enzymes with interfacial kinetics.