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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Functional Imaging with Reinforcement, Eyetracking, and Physiological Monitoring

Functional Imaging with Reinforcement, Eyetracking, and Physiological Monitoring

Published on: November 13, 2008

Neurophysiology of functional imaging.

Pieter van Eijsden¹, Fahmeed Hyder, Douglas L Rothman

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

|September 20, 2008

Summary

This study challenges cognitive modularity by linking brain energy, measured via fMRI and MRS, to awareness. Brain energy levels, not just localized activity, influence neuroimaging results and conscious experience.

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Functional Imaging with Reinforcement, Eyetracking, and Physiological Monitoring

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Biophysics

Background:

Previous neuroimaging studies assumed cognitive functions map to localized brain modules.
The concept of cognitive modularity and strict localization has faced significant challenges.
Interpreting neuroimaging results often involves flexible definitions of cognitive concepts and localization.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore an alternative approach connecting brain energy measurements with observable mental phenomena like awareness.
To investigate the relationship between brain energy, functional imaging signals, and the degree of awareness.
To re-evaluate neuroimaging interpretations by considering global brain energy dynamics.

Main Methods:

Integrated functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((13)C MRS), and electrophysiology.
Measured brain energy expenditure in conjunction with neural activity.
Utilized sensory stimulation experiments and anesthetic manipulation to probe brain states.

Main Results:

BOLD (Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent) signal localization correlated with global brain energy levels.
Anesthetic-induced changes in brain energy affected the degree of awareness.
Neuroimaging interpretations shifted from localized cognitive modules to brain energy dominance.

Conclusions:

Global brain energy significantly influences functional imaging maps and interpretations.
Awareness is modulated by overall brain energy states, challenging purely localized models.
The concept of a fixed 'baseline' state is insufficient given the dynamic dependence on brain energy.