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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area
09:54

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Published on: August 10, 2012

Neuronal source of plasma dopamine.

David S Goldstein1, Courtney Holmes

  • 1Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA. goldsteind@ninds.nih.gov

Clinical Chemistry
|September 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Plasma dopamine (DA) is released from sympathetic nerves alongside norepinephrine (NE). This study confirms that sympathetic noradrenergic nerves are a significant source of plasma DA.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The origins of plasma dopamine (DA) are less understood compared to norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine.
  • This study investigates whether DA is coreleased with NE from sympathetic noradrenergic nerves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if dopamine (DA) enters the plasma via corelease with norepinephrine (NE) from sympathetic nerves.
  • To quantify the contribution of sympathoneural release to plasma DA levels.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of plasma catecholamine levels in humans under various physiological and pharmacological conditions.
  • Comparison of catecholamine responses in control subjects and patients with autonomic dysfunction (pure autonomic failure, sympathectomy, multiple system atrophy).
  • Assessment of catecholamine release induced by orthostasis, yohimbine, isoproterenol, glucagon, trimethaphan, pentolinium, and tyramine.

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09:54

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Published on: August 10, 2012

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons
11:58

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Published on: September 8, 2014

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake
11:26

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake

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Main Results:

  • Plasma DA concentrations increased with stimuli that augment sympathetic nerve activity (orthostasis, yohimbine, isoproterenol, tyramine) and decreased with sympathetic blockade (trimethaphan, pentolinium).
  • Changes in plasma DA levels strongly correlated with changes in plasma NE levels across various stimuli.
  • Patients with impaired sympathetic function (pure autonomic failure, sympathectomy) exhibited significantly lower plasma DA concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma dopamine (DA) is substantially derived from sympathetic noradrenergic nerves.
  • Dopamine constitutes an estimated 2%-4% of catecholamines released by exocytosis from sympathetic nerves.
  • Approximately 50%-90% of plasma DA originates from sympathoneural sources.