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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to rotate...
Stresses in a Shaft01:18

Stresses in a Shaft

The shaft PQ is subjected to a twisting force when equal and opposite torques are applied on either side. A section that cuts perpendicular to the shaft's axis at any arbitrary point R is examined to understand this. When the free-body diagram of the QR segment is analyzed, it reveals the shearing forces exerted by the PR portion onto the QR segment as the shaft experiences twisting.
Applying equilibrium conditions to the QR segment establishes that the internal shearing forces within the...
Angle of Twist: Problem Solving01:13

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque exerted...
Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts01:15

Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

In analyzing a thin-walled hollow shaft subjected to torsional loading, a segment with width dx is isolated for examination. Despite its equilibrium state, this segment faces torsional shearing forces at its ends. These forces are quantitatively described by the product of the longitudinal shearing stress on the segment's minor surface and the area of this surface, leading to the concept of shear flow. This shear flow is consistent throughout the structure, indicating a uniform distribution of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig
09:41

In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig

Published on: September 3, 2021

Femoral transverse torque: an assessment method.

G C Hunt, W A Fromherz, J Danoff

    The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
    |January 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Males and females show similar hip rotation strength when normalized to body weight. External rotation torque exceeded internal rotation torque in all subjects, suggesting a potential measure for hip muscle imbalance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomechanics
    • Orthopedics
    • Sports Medicine

    Background:

    • Understanding hip joint muscle strength is crucial for assessing function and injury risk.
    • Previous research has explored differences in limb strength between sexes, but hip-specific rotational torque comparisons require further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare external and internal femoral torques between asymptomatic male and female subjects.
    • To investigate potential sex-based differences in hip rotational strength.
    • To establish criterion measures for assessing hip joint transverse muscle imbalance.

    Main Methods:

    • Asymptomatic male and female subjects were tested using the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer.
    • Testing involved a prone position with the hip in neutral alignment.
    • Peak torque values for external and internal femoral rotation were recorded.

    Main Results:

    • Males exhibited significantly higher raw peak torques than females for both external and internal rotation.
    • When normalized to body weight, no significant sex-based differences in peak torque were observed.
    • External rotation torques were significantly higher than internal rotation torques across all subjects.

    Conclusions:

    • Body weight normalization is essential when comparing hip rotational strength between sexes.
    • The established external to internal rotation torque ratios (1.08 for males, 1.16 for females) can serve as benchmarks for evaluating hip muscle balance.