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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Regulatory T cells and antigen-specific tolerance.

K Kretschmer¹, I Apostolou, P Verginis

¹Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass., USA.

Chemical Immunology and Allergy

|September 20, 2008

Summary

Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmune disease. Retinoic acid (RA) aids Treg conversion by counteracting costimulation

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Cellular Biology

Background:

Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.
Foxp3 transcription factor binds to numerous genes, with binding strength increasing upon stimulation.
Treg function is linked to T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent transcription factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanism by which retinoic acid (RA) influences Treg generation.
To understand how RA counteracts the inhibitory effects of costimulation on extrathymic Treg conversion.

Main Methods:

Analysis of Foxp3 binding to gene promoters.
Investigation of gene expression changes in T-cell hybridomas after stimulation.
Examination of the role of TCR signaling and costimulatory signals in Treg development.

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes

Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes

Published on: August 20, 2007

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Assessment of retinoic acid's effect on AP-1 and Foxp3-NFAT transcription complexes.

Main Results:

Foxp3 binding alone does not alter gene expression; effects become apparent after T-cell activation.
Extrathymic Treg conversion is inhibited by costimulation, but promoted by DC-derived RA.
RA interferes with AP-1-dependent transcription, potentially counteracting costimulation's negative impact on Treg conversion.

Conclusions:

Retinoic acid plays a key role in promoting Treg conversion by modulating transcription factor activity.
RA's interference with AP-1 may be the mechanism by which it overcomes costimulation-induced inhibition of Treg generation.