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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Ruthenium complexes of substituted hydrazine: new solution- and solid-state binding modes.

Serin L Dabb1, Barbara A Messerle, Gottfried Otting

  • 1School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|September 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Ruthenium complexes with methylhydrazine exhibit distinct binding modes, changing from side-on in solids to end-on in solution. This behavior was confirmed using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.

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Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor
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Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

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Published on: April 10, 2015

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
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Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

Published on: October 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Ruthenium Complexes

Background:

  • Methylhydrazine and substituted hydrazines are versatile ligands in coordination chemistry.
  • Ruthenium complexes are known for their catalytic and medicinal applications.
  • Bimetallic ruthenium complexes offer unique structural and reactivity profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel methylhydrazine ruthenium complex.
  • To investigate the binding modes of the methylhydrazine ligand in solid and solution states.
  • To explore the reactivity of bimetallic ruthenium complexes with various hydrazine derivatives.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of methylhydrazine ruthenium complex via addition to a bimetallic precursor.
  • X-ray crystallography for solid-state structure determination.
  • 2D NMR spectroscopy (including 15N) for solution-state structural analysis.
  • In situ formation and characterization of substituted hydrazine complexes.

Main Results:

  • The methylhydrazine ligand displays eta(2) (side-on) binding in the solid state and eta(1) (end-on) binding in solution.
  • X-ray crystallography confirmed the solid-state structure of [Ru(PyP)(2)(NH(2)NHMe)]Cl(BPh(4)).
  • NMR studies verified end-on binding via the -NH(2) group and retention of octahedral geometry in solution.
  • Various substituted hydrazine complexes were formed in situ, existing in equilibrium with the bimetallic starting material.

Conclusions:

  • The binding mode of methylhydrazine in ruthenium complexes is dependent on the physical state (solid vs. solution).
  • Ruthenium complexes with hydrazine ligands can adopt different coordination modes.
  • Bimetallic ruthenium precursors are effective for generating diverse hydrazine-substituted ruthenium complexes.