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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Scapula fractures.

Peter C Lapner1, Hans K Uhthoff, Steve Papp

  • 1Division of Orthopedics, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, 1648 Critical Care Wing, Box 502, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6. plapner@ottawahospital.on.ca

The Orthopedic Clinics of North America
|September 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This article provides a guide for diagnosing and treating rare scapular fractures. It helps surgeons decide between operative and nonoperative management based on prognosis and outcomes.

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Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
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Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
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Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

Published on: May 9, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Scapular fractures are uncommon injuries.
  • Diagnosis and management can be challenging for surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a diagnostic and treatment approach for scapular fractures.
  • To guide decision-making for operative versus nonoperative management.
  • To discuss surgical techniques and rehabilitation protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic work-up for scapular fractures.
  • Analysis of treatment strategies based on fracture patterns.
  • Discussion of operative techniques and fixation methods.
  • Guidelines for postsurgical shoulder rehabilitation.

Main Results:

  • A structured approach to diagnosing and treating scapular fractures is presented.
  • Decision-making criteria for operative vs. nonoperative treatment are outlined.
  • Details on surgical techniques and fixation for common patterns are provided.
  • Recommendations for post-surgery shoulder rehabilitation are included.

Conclusions:

  • This approach aids surgeons in managing scapular fractures effectively.
  • It emphasizes evidence-based decision-making for optimal patient outcomes.
  • Comprehensive surgical and rehabilitation guidelines are offered.