Changes in left ventricular output from fetal to early neonatal life

Using pulsed Doppler and two-dimensionally directed M-mode echocardiographic techniques, we measured left ventricular (LV) output, stroke volume, heart rate, LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), LV end-systolic dimension, and LV percent fractional shortening (%FS) in 34 normal term infants 12 to 24 hours before parturition and thereafter serially 1, 24, and 96 hours after birth. Stroke volume was calculated as the product of the aortic flow velocity integral and aortic valve area. There was a twofold increase in LV output 1 hour after birth (fetal 170 +/- 46 ml/min/kg vs 1 hour 327 +/- 66 ml/min/kg; p less than 0.01) which was associated with significant increases in stroke volume, %FS, and LVEDD (stroke volume 1.21 +/- 0.33 ml/kg vs 2.25 +/- 0.37 ml/kg; %FS 34.3% +/- 5.8% vs 37.7% +/- 5.4%; LVEDD 15.4 +/- 1.1 mm vs 17.7 +/- 1.4 mm). Heart rate did not change 1 hour after birth. During the subsequent hours after birth, LV output decreased significantly to a value of 245 +/- 56 ml/min/kg (p less than 0.01) at 24 hours, which did not change 96 hours after birth. There were significant declines in stroke volume, LVEDD, and heart rate 24 hours after birth (stroke volume 2.02 +/- 0.42 ml/kg; LVEDD 17.0 +/- 1.1 mm; heart rate 121 +/- 11 beats/min). The %FS remained unchanged within the first 96 hours of age. These results indicate that the major regulator of LV output immediately after birth is stroke volume and not heart rate. The increase in stroke volume is related to an increase in LV size and LV myocardial contractility. Our data provide a useful basis for the interpretation of abnormal LV function in the early neonatal period.