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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes
15:43

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

Published on: January 7, 2013

[Protein kinases in mitochondria].

Joanna Ewa Kowalczyk1, Barbara Zabłocka

  • 1Pracownia Biologii Molekularnej, Instytut Medycyny Doświadczalnej i Klinicznej im. M. Mossakowskiego PAN, Warszawa. jkowalczyk@cmdik.pan.pl

Postepy Biochemii
|September 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Protein kinases translocate to mitochondria, phosphorylating key proteins involved in apoptosis and energy metabolism. This mitochondrial localization is crucial during cellular stress, particularly in ischemia/reperfusion injury.

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Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1
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Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes
15:43

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

Published on: January 7, 2013

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1
13:15

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Published on: February 25, 2016

Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria
09:01

Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria

Published on: January 7, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Cell signaling
  • Biochemistry

Context:

  • Mitochondria are central to cellular energy metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis.
  • Recent research highlights direct interactions between protein kinases and mitochondrial proteins.
  • Protein kinases are increasingly recognized for their roles beyond the nucleus.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the direct interaction of various protein kinases with mitochondrial proteins.
  • To elucidate the role of protein kinase translocation to mitochondria in cellular processes.
  • To understand the significance of mitochondrial protein kinases in disease states.

Summary:

  • Protein kinases (e.g., PKA, PKB/Akt, PKC, MAPK, ERK, Src) directly interact with mitochondrial proteins.
  • These kinases phosphorylate key proteins regulating apoptosis (Bad, Bax, Bcl-2), electron transport chain components, MPTP, mitoK(ATP), and PLSCR3.
  • Experimental data confirm the presence of protein kinases in mitochondrial membranes and matrix during various cellular conditions.

Impact:

  • Mitochondrial protein kinase activity is critical for regulating apoptosis and cellular energy homeostasis.
  • Translocation of protein kinases to mitochondria plays a significant role in cellular responses to stress.
  • Understanding these interactions offers insights into therapeutic strategies for ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain and heart.