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Related Concept Videos

Migration00:53

Migration

Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.

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Why do Californian striders fly?

D J Fairbairn1, E King

  • 1Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA. daphne.fairbairn@ucr.edu

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|September 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Migratory water striders (Aquarius remigis) in California show higher frequencies of winged morphs, an adaptation to harsh montane stream habitats. This variation is genetically influenced by altitude and temperature, indicating evolutionary divergence.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Ecology
  • Behavioral ecology

Background:

  • Migratory strategies are crucial for species survival but challenging to measure in wild populations.
  • Stream habitats are often considered stable, predicting a loss of migratory traits in stream-dwelling species like Aquarius remigis.
  • Californian populations of Aquarius remigis exhibit an unusual prevalence of winged, migratory morphs, contrasting with North American populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the adaptive significance of migratory dimorphism in Aquarius remigis.
  • To understand the genetic basis and environmental correlations of migratory capability variation in Californian populations.
  • To test the hypothesis that migratory traits are adaptations to specific habitat harshness and instability.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of winged morph proportions across 37 Californian populations.
  • Correlation analysis with environmental factors (altitude, latitude, rainfall, stream size).
  • Common garden and half-sibling experiments to assess genetic variation, heritability, and genotype-by-environment interactions.

Main Results:

  • A significant positive correlation was found between altitude and the proportion of winged morphs.
  • Genetic differences among populations were observed in both the proportion of winged morphs and their temperature-dependent reaction norms.
  • Wing morph exhibited high heritability and significant genotype-by-environment interactions, particularly with temperature.

Conclusions:

  • The high frequency of migratory morphs in Californian Aquarius remigis is an evolutionary adaptation.
  • These adaptations are linked to the harshness and instability of montane stream habitats, especially elevational gradients and extreme seasonal variations.
  • Genetic divergence in migratory capability and its environmental response has occurred in response to local selection pressures.