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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
14:28

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

HIV-1 Nef: at the crossroads.

John L Foster1, J Victor Garcia

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. John.foster@utsouthwestern.edu

Retrovirology
|September 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Targeting the Nef protein

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • The global AIDS epidemic persists despite advances in antivirals.
  • Standard HIV-1 vaccines have failed; attenuated vaccines face safety concerns.
  • Nef protein is crucial for HIV-1 virulence, but nef-deleted viruses show reduced pathogenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review knowledge on Nef function and its potential as a drug target.
  • To assess therapeutic strategies targeting Nef-mediated viral functions.
  • To explore the role of Nef in HIV-1 pathogenesis and interspecies SIV differences.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies on patients with nef-deleted HIV-1.
  • In vitro investigations of Nef's functions (CD4/MHC I downregulation, Pak2 activation, virion infectivity).

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
14:28

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms for SIV non-pathogenicity related to Nef-CD3 interaction.

    • Main Results:

    • Nef deletion alone does not guarantee an attenuated HIV-1 strain.
    • Nef's CD4 downregulation function is critical for viral virulence.
    • Nef's failure to downregulate CD3 may contribute to HIV-1 pathogenicity.

    Conclusions:

    • Inhibiting Nef's CD4 downregulation is a promising strategy for novel anti-HIV-1 drug development.
    • Targeting Nef offers a potential avenue for combating the AIDS epidemic.
    • Further research into Nef's interaction with host factors like CD3 is warranted.