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Glucose Transporters

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and 'exit' via the...

Secondary Active Transport

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...

Secondary Active Transport

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...

Membrane Proteins

Membrane Proteins

Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

Published on: November 7, 2010

[Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT-1) deficiency].

A Cano¹, I Ticus, B Chabrol

¹Centre de référence des maladies héréditaires du métabolisme, hôpital La-Timone-Enfants, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France.

Revue Neurologique

|September 24, 2008

Summary

Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT-1) deficiency syndrome impairs brain glucose transport, causing severe neurological issues in infants. Early diagnosis and ketogenic diets help manage seizures, but cognitive deficits persist, requiring further research.

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

Published on: November 7, 2010

Measuring Uptake of the Glucose Analog, 6-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol-4-yl)Amino)-6-Deoxyglucose, in Intact Murine Neural Retina

Measuring Uptake of the Glucose Analog, 6-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol-4-yl)Amino)-6-Deoxyglucose, in Intact Murine Neural Retina

Published on: March 14, 2025

Measuring Glucose Uptake in Drosophila Models of TDP-43 Proteinopathy

Measuring Glucose Uptake in Drosophila Models of TDP-43 Proteinopathy

Published on: August 3, 2021

Area of Science:

Neurology
Genetics
Metabolic Disorders

Context:

Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT-1) deficiency syndrome (GDD) is a rare neurological disorder.
It results from impaired glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier.
GDD presents with severe infantile-onset epilepsy, microcephaly, and developmental delays.

Purpose:

To summarize the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and current treatment of GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome.
To highlight the diagnostic hallmarks, including low cerebrospinal fluid glucose levels.
To discuss the genetic basis and ongoing research into novel therapeutic strategies.

Summary:

GDD is characterized by refractory infantile seizures, developmental delays, and neurological abnormalities due to insufficient glucose supply to the brain.
Diagnosis relies on low cerebrospinal fluid/blood glucose ratio, confirmed by molecular analysis of the SCL2A1 gene.
Ketogenic diet is effective for seizures but not cognitive impairment, necessitating further treatment research.

Impact:

This research underscores the importance of suspecting GDD in children with unexplained neurological disorders.
Accurate diagnosis through lumbar puncture and genetic testing is crucial for timely intervention.
Understanding GDD's pathophysiology may unlock new treatments for cognitive deficits and improve patient outcomes.