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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

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Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
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The posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

K Mandal Sanjay1, P Chakraborty Partha

  • 1Department of Medicine, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, India.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|September 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This case study highlights reversible posterior/potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a young patient. Pheochromocytoma was identified as the cause of secondary hypertension leading to PRES.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Posterior/potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is often associated with hypertensive encephalopathy.
  • Secondary hypertension can present with neurological manifestations.

Observation:

  • A 13-year-old boy presented with symptoms suggestive of PRES, initially with normal blood pressure but later developing severe hypertension.
  • Neuroimaging revealed white matter abnormalities consistent with PRES.
  • The patient was diagnosed with pheochromocytoma as the cause of secondary hypertension.

Findings:

  • Surgical removal of the pheochromocytoma led to the reversal of white matter abnormalities on MRI.
  • This case demonstrates a previously undocumented cause of reversible leucoencephalopathy.

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Implications:

  • Pheochromocytoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of secondary hypertension presenting with PRES.
  • Early diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma can lead to complete neurological recovery.
  • This finding expands the understanding of PRES etiology and its potential reversibility.