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Risk factors for nephrolithiasis in children
Banu Acar1, F Inci Arikan, Serhat Emeksiz
1Department of Pediatrics, Ankara Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. banuacar@gmail.com
World Journal of Urology
|September 24, 2008
Summary
Pediatric nephrolithiasis is linked to hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia. Metabolic screening is crucial for children with kidney stones, especially those with a family history of the condition.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Nephrology
- Urology
- Metabolic Disorders
Background:
- Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stones, can occur in children, necessitating an understanding of its underlying causes and clinical outcomes.
- Identifying risk factors for childhood kidney stones is essential for effective prevention and management strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the clinical outcomes of children diagnosed with urinary calculi.
- To identify and analyze risk factors associated with nephrolithiasis in the pediatric population.
Main Methods:
- A retrospective analysis of 62 pediatric nephrolithiasis patients (48% girls, 52% boys) treated between January 2002 and August 2006.
- Data collection included patient demographics, clinical presentation, and metabolic screening results.
Main Results:
- Hypercalciuria was identified in 40% of patients, often presenting with abdominal/flank pain (60%), hematuria (28%), or dysuria (12%).
- Hypocitraturia was the second most significant risk factor. Urinary calcium excretion positively correlated with stone size (r=0.482, P=0.043).
- Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) showed a positive correlation with hypercalciuria (r=0.528, P=0.017) and a negative correlation with urinary citrate excretion (r=-0.503, P=0.024). Hyperuricaciduria and hyperoxaluria did not significantly impact stone size or UTI occurrence.
Conclusions:
- Metabolic screening is recommended for all children diagnosed with nephrolithiasis.
- Children with a family history of kidney stones or consanguinity require careful monitoring for metabolic abnormalities.
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