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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Monitoring Colony-level Effects of Sublethal Pesticide Exposure on Honey Bees
Published on: November 15, 2017
Honey bee colonies are group-level adaptive units.
1Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Natural selection can create adaptive groups, not just individuals. Studies on social insects, like honey bees, show colonies evolving complex organization and communication for group efficiency.
Area of Science:
- Evolutionary Biology
- Behavioral Ecology
- Social Insects
Background:
- Natural selection is traditionally viewed as acting on individuals.
- Multilevel selection theory proposes that selection can also operate at the group level.
- Social insects, particularly honey bees, exhibit complex colony organization.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review evidence for group-level adaptations driven by natural selection.
- To highlight the functional organization of social insect colonies as adaptive units.
- To demonstrate how evolution shapes entities at the group level.
Main Methods:
- Review of empirical evidence from social insect studies.
- Analysis of experimental data on honey bee colony adaptations.
- Examination of communication and feedback control systems within colonies.
Main Results:
- Group-level selection can lead to high functional organization in colonies.
- Honey bee colonies display sophisticated adaptations enhancing foraging efficiency.
- Communication and feedback mechanisms are key group-level adaptations.
Conclusions:
- Natural selection has produced adaptive units at the group level.
- Social insect colonies, especially honey bees, serve as prime examples of group-level adaptation.
- Evolutionary processes shape integrated entities beyond the individual organism.
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