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System of Memory

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...

Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Understanding Memory

Understanding Memory

Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...

Forgetting

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Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
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Interference and Decay

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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

Published on: August 30, 2017

Competition between two memory traces for long-term recognition memory.

Mario Engelmann¹

¹Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Medizinische Neurobiologie, Leipziger Street 44, Magdeburg, Germany. mario.engelmann@med.ovgu.de

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

|September 25, 2008

Summary

Memory interference, a cause of forgetting, is time-dependent and linked to protein synthesis. This study shows anisomycin can suppress interference, aiding long-term memory consolidation.

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

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Published on: August 30, 2017

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: June 23, 2022

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Memory Research

Background:

Memory consolidation is crucial for long-term memory formation.
Previous research primarily examined isolated learning events, neglecting memory trace competition.
Understanding memory interference is key to explaining forgetting.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate memory trace competition in non-conditioned recognition memory.
To determine the time-dependency of interference phenomena (proactive and retroactive).
To explore the role of protein synthesis in memory interference and consolidation.

Main Methods:

Utilized the olfactory cues based social discrimination procedure in adult male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice.
Studied the competition between two similar memory traces.
Administered subcutaneous anisomycin treatment post-stimulus to assess interference suppression.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that memory interference is time-dependent.
Successfully discriminated between retroactive and proactive interference.
Showed that anisomycin treatment immediately after the interference stimulus can suppress both types of interference.
Linked interference phenomena to the progress of memory consolidation and protein synthesis.

Conclusions:

Memory interference arises from the competition of similar memory traces during consolidation.
The consolidation process and protein synthesis are intrinsically linked to memory interference.
Targeting protein synthesis may offer a strategy to mitigate forgetting caused by memory interference.